Author: Dax

Why Your Phone’s Battery Behaves the Way It Does

Ever notice that your smartphone’s battery drains faster on some days than others, or that it never seems to hold a charge as it once did? Welcome to the unpredictable world of battery life—a topic shrouded in myths, misconceptions, and hard-to-find facts. Understanding the real battery facts is crucial, especially as we grow more reliant on our devices for everything from work to entertainment. But the truth is, your battery is influenced by far more than just how long you spend scrolling through social media or streaming videos.

Smartphone batteries are complex, dynamic, and sometimes frustrating. There’s a technical dance happening under the hood, and even small changes in settings or habits can lead to big differences in performance. If you’ve ever wondered why your battery seems to die at the worst possible moment, or if you want practical tips to extend its lifespan, the following sections uncover the surprising truths and actionable strategies behind your phone’s juice.

The Science of Smartphone Batteries: What’s Really Inside?

Beneath your phone’s sleek exterior lies a powerful energy storage system that deserves more recognition. Modern smartphones almost universally use lithium-ion batteries. But what does that actually mean for your daily experience?

Breaking Down the Lithium-Ion Battery

Lithium-ion batteries, or Li-ion for short, have become the gold standard in mobile technology. Here’s why:
– High energy density: They pack a lot of power into a small size.
– Lightweight: Critical for keeping phones slim and easy to carry.
– Rechargeable: Capable of thousands of charge-discharge cycles before significant wear sets in.

Batteries work by shuttling lithium ions between the positive and negative electrodes, generating the flow of electricity that powers your device. Over time, the materials inside degrade—an unfortunate reality, even with the best care.

Battery Facts: Lifespan and Chemistry

It often surprises users to learn that smartphone batteries are designed with a limited lifespan. On average, a typical phone battery will last about 300 to 500 full charge cycles before its capacity starts to noticeably diminish—usually after one to three years of steady use.

Key factors impacting battery aging:
– Temperature extremes, especially heat, accelerate deterioration.
– Repeatedly charging to 100% or draining to 0% stresses the battery.
– High-performance apps and multitasking can increase the rate of wear.

So when you hear about optimizing battery life, it often boils down to managing these stressors as best as you can.

Debunking Popular Battery Myths

The world of battery facts is littered with myths that can actually harm your device if followed. Separating fiction from fact is essential to make informed decisions about your phone’s care.

Common Misconceptions About Charging

Let’s set the record straight on a few persistent rumors:
– “You have to fully discharge your battery before recharging.” False. This advice is outdated and can actually shorten the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries.
– “Charging overnight damages your phone.” Modern phones come equipped with charge-regulation circuitry that prevents overcharging.
– “Third-party chargers will ruin my battery.” Quality varies, but reputable brands are generally safe. Only counterfeit or poorly-made chargers are risky.

By understanding these battery facts, you can avoid unnecessary worry and extend your device’s life with minimal fuss.

Quick Fixes That Don’t Work

Some so-called battery “hacks” promise miraculous results but have little effect:
– Closing all apps constantly: Most modern mobile operating systems intelligently manage background apps without user intervention.
– Turning off Bluetooth and Wi-Fi when not in use: While this might save a tiny amount of power, the effect is negligible compared to other energy drains.

Instead, focus on proven strategies detailed below.

How Daily Usage Impacts Your Battery Life

Every action you take—no matter how small—contributes to the wear and tear of your device’s power source. Recognizing the biggest offenders empowers you to make smarter choices.

Screen Time and Display Settings

The display is consistently the largest consumer of battery life. Here’s what you need to know:
– Higher brightness means more drainage. Auto-brightness can help reduce unnecessary consumption.
– AMOLED and OLED displays use less power when displaying black pixels, as those pixels are actually turned off.

Turning on dark mode where available and keeping brightness moderate are effortless battery-saving adjustments.

Apps, Connectivity, and Hidden Drains

Heavy-duty apps such as games or streaming services strain your battery, but background processes often go unnoticed. Notifications, location tracking, and automatic syncing for email or cloud services can chip away at reserves.

Top battery facts regarding apps:
– Social media platforms, especially those constantly refreshing (like Facebook and Instagram), are notorious battery hogs.
– Navigation apps running GPS in the background will quickly sap energy.

Regularly reviewing permissions and closing apps that don’t need constant updates can yield noticeable improvements.

Battery Facts: Strategies for Healthier Batteries

Let’s shift from what drains your battery to what preserves and strengthens it. These scientifically backed tips can help you get the most mileage out of your device.

Charge Smarter, Not Harder

– Partial charges are best. Try to keep your battery between 20% and 80% for the majority of cycles.
– If possible, avoid fast charging every day. While convenient, the extra heat generated can speed up degradation.
– Remove thick cases during charging to prevent heat build-up.

Many modern devices even allow you to set a maximum charge limit—activate this feature if you want to prioritize battery longevity.

Keep It Cool

Heat is the enemy of battery health. Practical ways to reduce thermal stress:
– Don’t leave your phone in a hot car or direct sunlight.
– Avoid intensive tasks—like gaming or video rendering—while plugged in and charging.
– If your device gets uncomfortably warm, unplug it and let it cool down.

Update Your Software

Manufacturers often release updates that include battery performance optimizations. Staying current ensures you benefit from the latest efficiencies and bug fixes.

Maximizing Battery Life with Practical Settings

Beyond good charging habits, fine-tuning your phone’s software settings can translate into more hours per charge and a longer battery lifespan.

System-Wide Tweaks

Consider these system settings for big gains:
– Enable power-saving mode: Most smartphones offer a low-power mode that trims non-essential functions and slows background processes.
– Reduce screen timeout: Set your display to turn off quickly when not in use (e.g., after 30 seconds).
– Limit background app refresh: Restrict which apps can refresh content when you’re not actively using them.

Implementing these battery facts into your daily routine can add months—sometimes years—to your phone’s useful life.

Settings by Operating System

– Android: Use the “Adaptive Battery” and “Battery Optimization” settings in device maintenance menus.
– iOS: Activate “Optimized Battery Charging” in Settings > Battery > Battery Health.

These choices allow your device to adapt usage patterns and reduce unnecessary strain.

The Hidden Impact of External Accessories

Many don’t realize that the hardware you pair with your phone can also affect battery longevity. From chargers to protective cases, every accessory plays a role.

Chargers and Cables: What Really Matters?

Battery facts to keep in mind:
– Using the charger supplied by your phone’s manufacturer (or a reputable third-party brand) is always the safest choice.
– Cheap or counterfeit accessories may not regulate current properly, creating safety and battery health risks.

If you ever need to replace your charger, check for certifications such as “MFi” (Made for iPhone) or “USB-IF” for universal compatibility.

Protective Cases and Heat

While cases can safeguard your device from drops, thick or poorly ventilated cases can trap heat. Consider removing your case while charging—especially with older devices or if you notice the temperature rising.

Emerging Battery Technologies: What’s Next?

The science of batteries is evolving rapidly. Researchers and manufacturers are working to overcome current limitations and introduce longer-lasting, safer, and faster-charging batteries.

Silicon and Solid-State Batteries

– Silicon anode batteries promise higher energy capacity and longer lifespans.
– Solid-state designs eliminate traditional liquid electrolytes, reducing the risk of overheating or swelling.

These technologies are still in development but represent significant leaps forward in future battery facts.

Device Management Powered by AI

AI-driven battery management, already present in high-end smartphones, learns your charging patterns, predicts battery needs, and subtly adjusts power usage based on forecasts and habits. This “smart” approach is expected to become the norm in the coming years, helping to stretch every milliampere further.

How to Diagnose and Address Battery Problems

Even with the best of care, you may eventually encounter battery issues. Knowing how to spot trouble—and what steps to take—can save time, money, and frustration.

Common Symptoms of a Failing Battery

Watch for these warning signs:
– Rapid battery drain, even with minimal use.
– Unexpected shutdowns or restarts at high charge percentages.
– Swelling or warping of the device case (stop using the phone immediately and seek professional help if you notice this!).

What to Do If You Suspect Battery Issues

– Run a battery health check (available natively on iOS or via third-party apps on Android).
– Back up important data in case your device suddenly loses power for good.
– Contact customer support or visit an authorized technician for battery replacements.

For more general troubleshooting, sites like https://www.androidauthority.com/smartphone-battery-facts-605911/ provide deep dives into the subject.

Battery Facts for Traveling and Emergencies

Smartphones often become lifelines during travel or outages. Understanding how to conserve battery when outlets are scarce is invaluable.

Power Conservation Strategies on the Go

When away from home:
– Carry a portable battery pack (power bank) for emergency boosts.
– Activate airplane mode in areas without network service—searching for a signal repeatedly uses more battery than you might expect.
– Preload essential maps, tickets, or documents over Wi-Fi to minimize intensive data use later.

Battery Facts for Extreme Conditions

Batteries are sensitive to both extreme heat and cold.
– In freezing temperatures, batteries may temporarily register lower levels or shut off entirely. Keep your device close to your body for warmth.
– In hot environments, avoid leaving your phone in direct sunlight or inside locked cars.

Adapting to your environment is one of the most overlooked battery-preserving practices.

Summary of Key Battery Facts and Takeaways

It’s easy to take your smartphone battery for granted, but armed with the right battery facts, you can significantly improve both its daily performance and overall lifespan. Remember:
– Lithium-ion batteries are marvels of modern technology, but not indestructible.
– Avoid complete discharges and try to keep your charge between 20% and 80%.
– Heat is the primary enemy—keep your device cool whenever possible.
– Ignore persistent myths and instead rely on science-backed settings and habits.
– Watch for early signs of trouble and don’t delay seeking a professional opinion if you suspect a failing battery.

With the battery facts covered here, you’re now prepared to get more out of your device and stay connected when it matters most. Got questions, need personalized advice, or looking to upgrade your tech habits? Reach out at khmuhtadin.com and take control of your digital life!

The Surprising Origins of the Computer Mouse

Long before sleek wireless models scrolled their way onto desks worldwide, the earliest computer mouse was a marvel of ingenuity and humble materials. It’s easy to take today’s precision-pointing devices for granted, but the story behind the very first computer mouse will truly blow your mind—and make you appreciate the brilliance of early inventors. If you’ve ever wondered how this essential tech tool came to be, get ready to discover what the first computer mouse was actually made of, and why its design changed the trajectory of computing forever.

What Really Was the First Computer Mouse Made Of?

The original computer mouse didn’t start as a streamlined piece of plastic covered in high-tech sensors. In fact, it was crafted from an incredibly ordinary material: wood. In 1964, Douglas Engelbart and his team at the Stanford Research Institute set out to develop a device that could move a cursor on a computer screen, and their prototype was a small, rectangular block of wood that fit comfortably in the palm.

The Anatomy of Engelbart’s Prototype

What makes the story even more fascinating is the prototype’s simplicity:
– A wooden casing, about the size of a deck of cards.
– Two rolling wheels positioned at right angles underneath (to track horizontal and vertical movement).
– A single button on top for user interaction.

This basic construction proved the concept and served as the foundation for all future computer mouse designs. The boxy wooden mouse was far from ergonomic, but it did the job admirably.

Why Wood?

At the time, access to specialized manufacturing materials was limited, especially for experimental technology. Wood was cheap, easy to manipulate, and provided adequate durability for prototyping. It was less about aesthetics and more about rapid functional testing.

How the Computer Mouse Revolutionized Human-Computer Interaction

Before the computer mouse, most computers required users to input commands using keyboards, punch cards, or even switchboards. These complex interfaces were a barrier to casual or intuitive computer use, essentially keeping technology in the hands of trained professionals and tech enthusiasts.

Mouse vs. Keyboard: A Paradigm Shift

The invention of the computer mouse delivered several benefits:
– It allowed users to interact with graphical interfaces more naturally.
– Point-and-click navigation replaced arcane keyboard commands.
– It enabled new types of applications such as drawing, gaming, and desktop publishing.

According to Engelbart himself, the goal was to “increase human capability to solve complex problems,” and the mouse was a critical part of this vision (source: Computer History Museum).

First Public Demonstration: The Mother of All Demos

On December 9, 1968, Engelbart gave a legendary demonstration of his inventions, including the computer mouse, at what is now known as the “Mother of All Demos.” This event showcased the power and versatility of graphical user interfaces controlled by a mouse, cementing the device’s place in computing history.

Evolution of the Computer Mouse: From Wood to Wireless

Engelbart’s wooden box may have set the stage, but the computer mouse underwent an incredible transformation over subsequent decades. This journey reveals just how far user interface technology has come.

Major Milestones in Mouse Design

– 1972: Bill English (who worked with Engelbart) introduced the ball mouse—replacing wheels with a ball for smoother movement.
– 1981: Xerox rolled out the first commercial mouse, plastic-encased and sold with their graphic workstation, the Xerox Star.
– 1983: Apple included the mouse with the Lisa computer, popularizing it among the general public.
– 1999: Optical mice entered the market, eliminating moving parts and greatly improving precision.
– 2004: Wireless mice became mainstream, untethering users from their desks.

Each innovation built on Engelbart’s original wooden mouse design, refining materials, ergonomics, and sensor technology.

Modern Features of the Computer Mouse

Today’s computer mice offer a host of features:
– Ergonomic shapes and textured grips.
– Additional programmable buttons for advanced use.
– Rechargeable batteries and Bluetooth connectivity.
– Laser and optical sensors for pinpoint accuracy.
– Adjustable sensitivity (DPI) settings.

While the material has shifted from wood to plastics and electronics, the fundamental concept of the computer mouse remains unchanged.

Technological Innovations Sparked by the Computer Mouse

The mouse’s success spurred development in both hardware and software—transforming not only the device itself but also the way we interact with computers.

Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs)

Arguably the greatest leap enabled by the computer mouse was the graphical user interface. GUIs allowed users to click icons, drag objects, and open windows, ushering in an era of intuitive computing. Microsoft Windows and Apple’s Mac OS quickly became household names, largely thanks to their mouse-driven interfaces.

Specialized Mice and New Use Cases

Innovation didn’t stop at the desktop:
– Gaming mice feature ultra-responsive sensors and customizable buttons.
– 3D mice help designers and engineers navigate complex modeling software.
– Trackballs offer a stationary alternative for users with mobility challenges.
– Touchpads and trackpads extend the mouse concept to laptops and mobile devices.

Each variant caters to different user needs, but all originate from that first block of wood.

Fun Facts and Curiosities About the Computer Mouse

The computer mouse’s journey is full of quirky milestones and little-known details that highlight its enduring versatility.

Why “Mouse”?

The original name Engelbart gave his invention was “X-Y Position Indicator for a Display System”—hardly catchy! According to legend, the team started informally calling it a “mouse” because of its cord that resembled a tail, and the name stuck.

World Records and Oddities

– The world’s largest computer mouse was created in 2008, measuring over 24 inches long!
– Over one billion mice have been sold since the 1980s.
– Some vintage mice have become sought-after collector’s items.

For more fascinating facts, the Computer History Museum offers an in-depth exploration of mouse evolution at https://computerhistory.org.

The Impact of the Computer Mouse on Everyday Life

Few inventions have affected daily technology use as profoundly as the computer mouse. Its simplicity and effectiveness turned computers from complex machines into accessible tools for work, creativity, and play.

Changing the Way We Work and Play

With the advent of the computer mouse:
– Outlooks on computer literacy shifted, making technology approachable for the masses.
– Entire industries—from design to gaming—emerged and flourished thanks to mouse-driven interaction.
– Accessibility features expanded, enabling people with disabilities to navigate digital environments more easily.

The humble beginnings of the computer mouse remind us how small changes in material and design can have outsized effects on society.

Lasting Legacy and Future Possibilities

Though touchscreens, voice control, and gesture-based systems now supplement the mouse, it remains a cornerstone of computer input. New forms like VR controllers and styluses continue to draw inspiration from the mouse’s tactile, intuitive approach.

Key Takeaways and Next Steps

From a simple block of wood to a technological icon found in nearly every home and office, the computer mouse’s journey is a testament to the power of innovation. Its early design set the standard for user-friendly computing, ignited the development of new interaction paradigms, and continues to inspire advances today.

Whether you’re a tech aficionado or just enjoy interesting facts, knowing what the first computer mouse was made of gives new appreciation to the device beneath your palm. Next time you click and scroll, think back to that wooden block and the creative minds who started it all.

Want to dig deeper or share your own tech discoveries? Reach out at khmuhtadin.com—your curiosity could spark the next great invention!

A World Before USB: The Tangled History of Computer Connectivity

Before usb technology became the universal standard we rely on today, connecting devices to computers was a frustrating maze. In the 1980s and early 1990s, users faced a confusing mix of ports and connectors—serial, parallel, PS/2, SCSI, and proprietary designs littered the backs of PCs and Macs. Each device typically required its own port, cable type, and sometimes even costly interface cards. Printers, scanners, mice, and cameras all demanded unique solutions.

Connectivity Chaos: Common Problems

– Multiple cables cluttered workspaces, limiting expansion without complex adapters.
– Software drivers and configuration settings varied—installing a new device could take hours.
– Data transfer speeds varied widely, often painfully slow for modern tasks.
For manufacturers and consumers alike, the lack of a universal solution led to confusion, compatibility headaches, and excessive manufacturing costs.

The Need for Change

Technical innovation was accelerating, but peripheral connectivity lagged far behind. Industry leaders recognized that a standardized, user-friendly interface was essential for the future of personal computing. This realization set the stage for usb technology—one simple plug that could change everything.

The Birth of USB: Collaborative Innovation and Industry Unification

The origins of usb technology trace back to the mid-1990s. Seven major companies, including Intel, Microsoft, IBM, Compaq, DEC, NEC, and Nortel, teamed up to solve the connectivity crisis. Their goal was to create a single, universal port that could handle multiple data rates, self-configure, and power devices.

Intel’s Pivotal Role: Ajay Bhatt’s Vision

Ajay Bhatt, an engineer at Intel, famously spearheaded the team that designed the first iteration of USB in 1994–1995. Bhatt recalled in interviews that the team wanted “…a way to connect anything—keyboard, mouse, modem—to any computer without struggling with plugs or software.” Intel provided key technical resources and market influence, helping drive consensus among competing giants.

Technical Breakthroughs: What Made USB Unique?

– Hot-swapping: USB devices could be safely plugged in or removed while a computer was running.
– Plug-and-play: Operating systems automatically recognized and installed new USB devices.
– Power delivery: USB ports provided electricity, eliminating the need for most external power supplies.
– Scalable speed: USB started with modest data rates, but its architecture allowed for easy future upgrades.
This combination made usb technology a game-changer for both consumers and hardware manufacturers.

Early USB Technology: Slow Adoption and Surprising Obstacles

Despite universal promise, usb technology faced skepticism and setbacks early on. The first official specification, USB 1.0, launched in January 1996, offering data transfer speeds up to 12 Mbps. Yet adoption was slow.

The First Devices and Hosts

– Most initial motherboards lacked USB ports, and Windows 95 didn’t fully support the standard.
– Peripheral makers hesitated, unsure USB would outpace legacy ports.
– Early USB devices included basic mice, keyboards, scanners, and hubs—but not the massive ecosystem we see today.
Some desktop computers required expensive add-on cards to support USB. Despite these hurdles, manufacturers slowly began to embrace the vision of a universal connector.

Turning Point: The iMac and Mainstream Acceptance

The release of Apple’s iconic iMac in 1998 marked a seismic shift. Apple boldly abandoned legacy connectors in favor of usb technology, forcing peripheral makers to adapt or become obsolete. This leap of faith paid off—USB was simple, reliable, and intuitive for everyday users. The iMac’s colorful lineup popularized USB, making it the default standard in consumer electronics.

Evolution of USB: Versions, Speeds, and Expanded Functions

As computing needs evolved, so did usb technology. From version 1.1 onward, every new iteration brought faster speeds, improved reliability, and expanded device support.

USB 2.0: The Era of High-Speed Growth

USB 2.0 debuted in 2000, multiplying speeds to a blistering 480 Mbps. This made digital cameras, MP3 players, and external hard drives feasible for everyday use. Consumers could finally transfer large files—photos, music, video—quickly and easily.

– USB 2.0 allowed for up to 127 connected devices per host, spawning the age of USB hubs.
– Backward compatibility ensured smooth upgrading for businesses and home users.
The technology’s reliability and speed cemented its dominance, with billions of devices shipped globally (see: USB-IF market statistics).

USB 3.x and the Rise of Data-Hungry Applications

In 2008, USB 3.0 arrived—SuperSpeed USB—delivering 5 Gbps transfer rates. External SSDs, high-resolution webcams, and advanced audio interfaces flourished. The newer standard reduced power consumption, improved error handling, and enabled dual-channel data transfer.

– Subsequent upgrades (USB 3.1, 3.2) pushed speeds to 10, then 20 Gbps.
– Enhanced charging capabilities supported laptops and larger devices, paving the way for USB-C power delivery.
Usb technology evolved from simple data shuttling to a universal solution for fast storage, video, audio, and charging.

The USB Connector: From Classic Design to USB-C Revolution

The shape and function of USB connectors have changed radically since the late ’90s. While the rectangular USB Type-A plug defined the early years, frustration grew over its “which-way-is-up” orientation and limited versatility.

Connector Types Over the Years

– USB Type-A: The original flat, wide plug.
– USB Type-B: Square design, favored by printers and large peripherals.
– Mini-USB and Micro-USB: Smaller, for mobile phones and compact devices.
– USB-C: Compact, reversible connector for all modern uses.
The arrival of USB-C around 2014 marked the biggest transformation in usb technology since its inception.

Why USB-C Changed Everything

USB-C supports data transfer, video output (DisplayPort, HDMI), and high-power charging (up to 240W), all via one tiny, reversible cable. Its adoption in laptops, smartphones, game consoles, and displays reflects a drive toward true universality.

– No more guessing the correct orientation—USB-C plugs work both ways.
– Thunderbolt integration for even faster speeds (up to 40 Gbps).
This unparalleled convenience and capability solidified usb technology as the ultimate connectivity standard worldwide.

USB’s Wider Impact: Everyday Life and Future Possibilities

The influence of usb technology extends far beyond computers. Today, USB powers and connects a vast universe of devices in homes, offices, and industries.

Where USB Technology Touches Your Life

– Rechargeable gadgets: phones, headphones, cameras, and wearables.
– Entertainment: game controllers, streaming devices, audio systems.
– Education: interactive whiteboards, scientific instruments, and digital textbooks.
– Healthcare: diagnostic equipment, portable medical devices.
From automotive to aerospace and IoT (Internet of Things), USB bridges digital gaps across sectors. The USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF) continues to guide standards development, fostering backwards compatibility and innovation (learn more about USB-IF: https://www.usb.org).

Security and Reliability Concerns

As USB became near-ubiquitous, new challenges emerged. Cybersecurity experts warn about risks such as “USB drop attacks” and data leakage, prompting device manufacturers to improve authentication and malware detection. Standards like USB Restricted Mode help minimize risks, ensuring usb technology’s future remains secure.

The Surprising Human Stories Behind USB Technology

The journey of usb technology isn’t just about technical specs—it’s shaped by collaborative effort, vision, and a dash of healthy skepticism.

Unsung Heroes and Patent Battles

Ajay Bhatt, often referenced as “the father of USB,” became a minor celebrity after Intel’s marketing team spotlighted his role. But USB was truly a team achievement—engineers from seven corporations contributed design, testing, and support. Despite its transformational impact, USB was not individually patented; the standard was managed by the USB-IF to promote mass adoption.

Pop Culture and Everyday Anecdotes

The “USB plug orientation struggle” remains a meme among users, indicating just how deeply usb technology has infiltrated pop culture. From viral tweets to tech comics, USB’s influence is a remarkable reminder of how a simple connector can echo across society.

What’s Next for USB Technology?

Researchers and industry leaders are already looking beyond today’s standards to imagine the future of usb technology.

USB4 and Emerging Trends

Released in 2019, USB4 doubles bandwidth (up to 40 Gbps), integrates Thunderbolt 3, and supports highly demanding features like multi-display video output. With seamless daisy-chaining of monitors, external GPUs, and smart devices, USB4 positions usb technology as a backbone of modern hardware ecosystems.

– Next-generation power delivery targets ultra-fast laptop charging, renewable energy, and automotive applications.
– Smart hubs can prioritize energy and data—perfect for home automation setups.
The future may hold wireless USB, smarter security, and even higher data speeds to match quantum computing and AI applications.

Key Takeaways and Your Next Steps

Today, usb technology connects our world reliably and securely—powering everything from personal devices to critical infrastructure. Its origins were rooted in frustration, but thanks to innovation, collaboration, and fearless design, USB became the universal socket of the digital age.

As new standards emerge and USB-C gains traction, staying informed matters more than ever. Next time you plug in your phone or printer, remember the surprising history packed into that tiny port. Curious about the latest USB developments or tech advances? Reach out with questions or requests via khmuhtadin.com.